However, leukocytosis has been observed in some patients with malaria [8,12,13,14,15,16,17]

However, leukocytosis has been observed in some patients with malaria [8,12,13,14,15,16,17]. species, including canine babesiosis [8,9,10]. Due to the similarities between these two infections, human babesiosis is sometimes even named Malaria of the North [11]. Both parasitoses may cause anemia. This pathology is the second-most prevalent hematological disorder in these diseases, after thrombocytopenia. Leukopenia is usually another disorder observed during these infections. However, leukocytosis has been observed in some patients with malaria [8,12,13,14,15,16,17]. Complications such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, kidney injury, pancreatitis, hepatopathy, cardiac disorders, cerebral babesiosis/malaria, and acute respiratory distress syndrome have been observed in both diseases [2,8,18,19,20,21]. These protozoan infections may lead to systemic inflammatory response syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and shock; consequently, these infections are considered as conditions much like sepsis, with some authors considering them as protozoan sepses. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), interferon gamma (IFN-), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1, also known as CCL2), keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC, also known as CXCL1)-like, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10, also known as CXCL10), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8 (also known as CXCL8), IL-12, IL-18, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF, also known as CSF-2), and high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB-1), play a role in the development of many of these complications. Moreover, insufficient and/or delayed production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10, also contributes to the pathogenesis of both diseases, including hematological changes [2,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. 2. Anemia Anemia during canine babesiosis is usually observed in 20% to over 90% of infected dogs [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39]. Isomalt The most severe and prevalent anemia occurs in dogs infected with and [31,32,38]. Decreased hematocrit is usually a prognostic marker in were not invaded by the parasite. In another study, a mathematical model of Jakeman et al. [43] showed that in patients with malaria, 8.5 uninfected erythrocytes were destroyed in addition to 1 1 infected RBC. Moreover, this model showed that dyserythropoiesis has a Rabbit polyclonal to MTOR marginal role in the development of anemia in malaria. A lack of association between the level of parasitemia and anemia is also observed in dogs infected with and [8,35,44,45], and as in malaria, dyserythropoiesis in canine babesiosis has, if any, an insignificant role in the development of anemia [8,36]. This indicates that direct destruction of infected RBCs by the pathogen is not the main cause of anemia in dogs infected with spp. However, it should be mentioned that a correlation between the level of parasitemia and Isomalt anemia has been observed in humans infected with [46]. Moreover, asymptomatic infections may occur in humans with low parasitemia [47]. In bovine theileriosis, a Isomalt disease of cattle much like babesiosis, the level of parasitemia has been shown to correlate with the severity of anemia, although immunological mechanisms also contribute to its development [48]. Similarly, in dogs experimentally infected with the other piroplasmid pathogen, experienced increased erythrophagocytic activity. This phenomenon was not observed in macrophages obtained from dogs with onion-induced hemolysis [54]. A further study showed that following in vitro culture of with erythrocytes, both infected and uninfected RBCs were more susceptible to phagocytosis by macrophages obtained from healthy dogs [51]. These results suggest involvement of the parasite in macrophage activation. A study of showed an increased proportion of both splenic and bone marrow-derived macrophages in the spleens of infected dogs in comparison to the spleens of healthy dogs [55]. Moreover, in dogs infected.